Keywords
semi-organic
food recall
energy adequacy
protein adequacy
How to Cite
Abstract
Food security is a crucial global issue, especially for farming households that act as both food producers and consumers. The study aims to analyze the level of food security among semi-organic shallot farming households in Yogyakarta and identify the socioeconomic and agronomic factors that influence it. The respondents of this study consisted of 150 semi-organic farming households selected through purposive sampling in Bantul and Kulon Progo Regency of Yogyakarta. Primary data were collected through structured interviews and questionnaires, while secondary data were obtained from the agricultural office and the central statistics agency. Food security was measured using energy and protein adequacy based on the Indonesian Ministry of Health’s Nutritional Adequacy Rate and the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). The results show that the average energy consumption of households is 1,640.5 kcal/capita/day (80.2% of the recommended dietary allowance), while protein consumption is 50.8 g/capita/day (80.4% of the recommended dietary allowance). Based on the HFIAS, 51.3% of households were in the food-secure category, 32.0% were mildly vulnerable, 16.0% were moderately vulnerable, and 0.7% were highly vulnerable. This study shows that semi-organic farming systems have the potential to support food security. However, their effectiveness is greatly influenced by socioeconomic and institutional factors. These findings provide an empirical basis for formulating policies that encourage sustainable agricultural transition while strengthening the food security of farming households.
References
Akbar, A., Darma, R., Irawan, A., Mahyuddin, Feryanto, F., & Akzar, R. (2024). COVID-19 pandemic and food security: Strategic agricul-tural budget allocation in Indonesia. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 18, 101494.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101494
Angeles-Agdeppa, I., Toledo, M. B., & Zamora, J. A. T. (2021). Moderate and severe level of food insecurity is associated with high calo-rie-dense food consumption of Filipino households. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2021(1).
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5513409
Chiemela, S. N., Chiemela, C. J., Apeh, C. C., & Ileka, C. M. (2022). Households food security and perception of food nutrition in Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 26(2), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.4314/jae.v26i2.2
Clapp, J., Moseley, W. G., Burlingame, B., & Termine, P. (2022). Viewpoint: The case for a six-dimensional food security framework. Food Policy, 106, 102164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102164
Coates, J., Swindale, A., & Bilinsky, P. (2007). Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for measurement of food access: Indicator guide. Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations.
Derso, A., Bizuneh, H., Keleb, A., Ademas, A., & Adane, M. (2021). Food insecurity status and determinants among Urban Productive Safety Net Program beneficiary households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 16 (9), e0256634.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256634
Direktorat Gizi Masyarakat. (2019). Tabel Komposisi Pangan Indonesia 2019 [2019 Indonesian Food Composition Table]. Direktorat Jenderal Kesehatan Masyarakat, Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
https://gizi.kemkes.go.id/tabel-komposisi-pangan-indonesia-tkpi-2019/
Duffy, C., Toth, G. G., Hagan, R. P. O., McKeown, P. C., Rahman, S. A., Widyaningsih, Y., Sunderland, T. C. H., & Spillane, C. (2021). Agroforestry contributions to smallholder farmer food security in Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems, 95, 1109–1124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00632-8
Faoziyah, U., Rosyaridho, M. F., & Panggabean, R. (2024). Unearthing agricultural land use dynamics in Indonesia: Between food security and policy interventions. Land, 13(12), 2030. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13122030
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2003). Food energy – Methods of analysis and conversion factors: Report of a technical workshop. https://www.fao.org/3/y5022e/y5022e00.htm
Gamage, A., Gangahagedara, R., Gamage, J., Jayasinghe, N., Kodikara, N., Suraweera, P., & Merah, O. (2023). Role of organic farming for achieving sustainability in agriculture. Farming System, 1(1), 100005.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farsys.2023.100005
Geppert, C., da Cruz, M., Alma, A., Andretta, L., Anfora, G., Battaglia, D., Burgio, G., Caccavo, V., Chiesa, S. G., Cinquatti, F., Cocco, A., Costi, E., D’Isita, I., Duso, C., Garonna, A. P., Germinara, G. S., Bue, P. L., Lucchi, A., Maistrello, L., … Marini, L. (2024). Climate and landscape composition explain agronomic practices, pesticide use and grape yield in vineyards across Italy. Agricultural Systems, 215, 103853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2024.103853
Gravitiani, E., Purnomo, R. A., Hendrasuryawan, B., Rudianto, M., Sartika, R. C., & Budiono, A. (2025). SITUPANG: A hybrid Agile-UML food security system for enhancing regional competitiveness in Indonesia. International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering, 15(5), 1019–1027. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.150515
Hlatshwayo, S. I., Ngidi, M. S. C., Ojo, T. O., Modi, A. T., Mabhaudhi, T., & Slotow, R. (2023). The determinants of crop productivity and its effect on food and nutrition security in rural communities of South Africa. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1091333
Imran, M., Kang, H., Lee, S.-G., Kim, E.-H., Park, H.-M., & Oh, S.-W. (2025). Current trends and future prospects in onion production, supply, and demand in South Korea: A comprehensive review. Sustainability, 17(3), 837.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030837
Janni, M., Maestri, E., Gullì, M., Marmiroli, M., & Marmiroli, N. (2023). Plant responses to climate change, how global warming may impact on food security: A critical review. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1297569
Jeevitha, D., Chimmalagi, U., Adishesha, K., Hosamani, G. B., Vinay, T. V., & Dharmatti, P. R. (2024). Influence of planting methods on growth, yield and storage of onion (Allium cepa L.) var. Bhima Shakti. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 58(5), 885–888. https://doi.org/10.18805/ijare.a-6217
Kavanagh, P. H., Haynie, H. J., Kushnick, G., Vilela, B., Tuff, T., Bowern, C., Low, B. S., Ember, C. R., Kirby, K. R., Botero, C. A., & Gavin, M. C. (2021). Drivers of global variation in land ownership. Ecography, 44(1), 67–74.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05205
Kusumawardani, A., Laksmono, B. S., Setyawati, L., & Soesilo, T. E. B. (2021). A policy construction for sustainable rice food sovereignty in Indonesia. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 15, 484–496. https://doi.org/10.5219/1533
Marwanti, S., Antriyandarti, E., & Khotimah, Y. K. (2024). Determinants of food expenditure and household income in Gunungkidul’s Karst Region. International Journal of Design and Nature and Ecodynamics, 19(1), 93–99.
https://doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.190111
Mazenda, A. (2021). Food policy, governance and the South African food security. Journal Global Policy and Governance, 10(2), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.14666/2194-7759-10-2-007
Mohd Tohit, N. F., Mat Ya, R., & Haque, M. (2025). Unveiling the impacts of food security on community health: A scoping review. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, 24(2), 307–330. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v24i2.81524
Muis, A., Nurnaningsih, Suirlan, R., Achmad, N. H. D., Firdayanti, & Baharuddin. (2025). Analysis of food sovereignty in Indonesia: Macroeconomic data. Research on World Agricultural Economy, 6(2), 712–722.
https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v6i2.1675
Muluneh, M. G. (2021). Impact of climate change on biodiversity and food security: A global perspective—a review article. Agriculture & Food Security, 10, 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00318-5
Munezero, E., Adewale, C. I., Okello, D. M., & Mugonola, B. (2023). Profit efficiency analysis of red onions production in Sironko district of Uganda. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 9(1), 2222516. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2023.2222516
Omer, E., Szlatenyi, D., Csenki, S., Alrwashdeh, J., Czako, I., & Láng, V. (2024). Farming practice variability and its implications for soil health in agriculture: A review. Agriculture, 14(12), 2114.
https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122114
Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 28 Tahun 2019 tentang Angka Kecukupan Gizi yang Dianjurkan untuk Masyarakat Indonesia [Minister of Health Regulation Number 28 of 2019 Concerning Recommended Dietary Allowances for the Indonesian Population]. Kemen-terian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2019). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/138621/permenkes-no-28-tahun-2019
Rahayu, L., Astuti, R., & Soboh, R. (2024). Securing the food supply chain amid geopolitical uncertainty: A comprehensive review. Industria: Jurnal Teknologi Dan Manajemen Agroindustri, 13(1), 115–131.
https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.industria.2024.013.01.8
Rahmawati, N., Brahmana, I. B., & Setiawan, A. N. (2023). Efforts to deal with menopausal symptoms in elderly people with yard man-agement. Proceeding International Conference of Community Service, 1(1), 65–71.
https://doi.org/10.18196/iccs.v1i1.44
Rajabzadeh-Dehkordi, M., Mohammadi-Nasrabadi, F., Nouri, M., Ahmadi, A., & Faghih, S. (2023). Food insecurity, body mass index, socio-economic status, and food intake in lactating and non-lactating mothers with children under two years. BMC Nutrition, 9, 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-023-00718-9
Saidah, Z., Wulandari, E., Hapsari, H., Alamsyah, R. T. P., Carsono, N., Kawashima, S., & Kang, S. W. (2024). Bridging the gap: The role of geographic proximity in enhancing seed sustainability in Bandung District. Open Agriculture, 9(1), 20220391.
https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0391
Samim, S. A., Hu, Z., Stepien, S., Amini, S. Y., Rayee, R., Niu, K., & Mgendi, G. (2021). Food insecurity and related factors among farming families in Takhar region, Afghanistan. Sustainability, 13(18), 10211.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810211
Singh, S., Venkateshmurthy, N. S., Brown, K. A., Maddury, A. P., Khatkar, R., Jarhyan, P., Prabhakaran, D., & Mohan, S. (2023). Agri-cultural and socioeconomic factors associated with farmer household dietary diversity in India: A comparative study of Visakha-patnam and Sonipat. Sustainability, 15(4), 2873. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042873
Sudomo, A., Leksono, B., Tata, H. L., Rahayu, A. A. D., Umroni, A., Rianawati, H., Asmaliyah, Krisnawati, Setyayudi, A., Utomo, M. M. B., Pieter, L. A. G., Wresta, A., Indrajaya, Y., Rahman, S. A., & Baral, H. (2023). Can agroforestry contribute to food and livelihood security for Indonesia’s smallholders in the climate change era? Agriculture, 13(10), 1896.
https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13101896
Susanawati, S., & Noviyanti, N. (2024). Supply chain efficiency of red chilies in the production center of Sleman Indonesia based on per-formance measurement system. Open Agriculture, 9(1), 20220294. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0294
Thamaga-Chitja, J. M., Tamako, N., & Ojo, T. O. (2025). Implications of land ownership heterogeneity on household food security: A case study of urban farming in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal Province. Land, 14(2), 236.
https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020236
Triharyanto, E., Wijayanti, D. P., & Setyaningrum, D. (2022). Morphology, structure and potential of bulbils yield as a planting material of onion in tropical region. Universal Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(3), 204–212.
https://doi.org/10.13189/ujar.2022.100303
Triyono, Azzahra, N. A., & Kamarudin, M. F. (2025). Factor affecting of food security in organic rice farming households: A finding in Sleman Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research, 44(1), 100–108.
https://doi.org/10.18805/ajdfr.DRF-373
Wardani, N. A. S. J. E., Jamaluddin, A., Badari, S. A. Z., Zainalaludin, Z., Hamsan, H. H., & Samdin, Z. B. (2023). The relationship of socioeconomic and household food security among smallholder glutinous rice famers in Langkawi, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Consumer and Family Economics, 31, 637–663. https://doi.org/10.60016/majcafe.v31.24
Wijerathna-Yapa, A., & Pathirana, R. (2022). Sustainable agro-food systems for addressing climate change and food security. Agriculture, 12(10), 1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101554
Wudil, A. H., Usman, M., Rosak-Szyrocka, J., Pilař, L., & Boye, M. (2022). Reversing years for global food security: A review of the food security situation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 14836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214836
Yeleliere, E., Yeboah, T., Antwi-Agyei, P., & Peprah, P. (2022). Traditional agroecological knowledge and practices: The drivers and opportunities for adaptation actions in the northern region of Ghana. Regional Sustainability, 3(4), 294–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2022.11.002
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zuhud Rozaki, Veri Apriyanto, Mohd Fauzi Kamarudin, Nur Rahmawati